Repetitive Exposures to DNA Reactive/Genotoxic Substances Can Induce/Promote/Progress Cancer

The Spike Protein as “Transmissible Cancer”

Schematic diagram of the DDR pathways activated by exogenous and endogenous insults (Figure was generated using images assembled from Servier Medical Art, https://smart.servier.com, accessed on 11 August 2022). 

I will now provide a deeper understanding of why we are seeing an explosion of aggressive cancers – and why I believe the situation will almost certainly become much worse. 

The fusogenic properties of the Spike Protein, which have become more evident and discussed, result in DNA DAMAGE. Additionally, tissues infected with the Spike Protein also show evidence of DNA damage. 

Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection activated the DDR network in Vero E6, an African green monkey kidney cell line. In that study, virus-infected Vero E6 cells exhibited (a) transcriptional upregulation of the Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein, (b) increased phosphorylation of Chk1 at serines 317 (S317) and 345 (S345), (c) increased phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (S139; γH2AX), (d) decreased expression of the telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) subunit of the Shelterin system, a protein complex that plays a crucial role in telomere protection, while its absence results in DDR activation and the processing of chromosome ends by the DNA repair pathways, and (e) decreased telomere lengths.   

In another study, the authors claim that SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells expressing high levels of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced the formation of syncytia and the generation of micronuclei due to DNA damage. Interestingly, the authors reported that the formation of DNA damage within these syncytial micronuclei triggers the DDR network and the cGAS-STING-IFN signaling, through the recruitment of the γH2Ax and the cGAS proteins, thus resulting in cellular catastrophe and aberrant immune activation. 

A recent study shows that exposure of Poecilia reticulata (a widely distributed tropical fish) adult fish to fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced genomic instability, DNA damage in circulating erythrocytes and induction of oxidative stress marked by increased levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and accompanied by high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 

Importantly, a recent study has shown how COVID-19 damages the heart, opening the opportunity for new COVID-19 treatments. In that study, the authors investigated the transcriptome landscape of cardiac tissues collected from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and controls. Transcriptomics analysis showed upregulation of DNA damage and repair-related genes in the cardiac tissues of COVID-19 patients. In addition, the presence of DNA damage in the same tissues of SARS-CoV-2 patients was further confirmed using γH2AX immunostaining, an established methodology for detecting DNA damage. 

DNA Damage Response and COVID-19 
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31860 

So, why is this important? Because this is a CANONICAL WAY THAT CANCER IS INDUCED, PROMOTED AND PROGRESSED! 

If applied repetitively, initiators have the capacity to both initiate and promote tumor development and also to cause progression to malignancy.  

This is also the phenomenon seen in conventional 2-year carcinogenicity bioassays in mice and rats. Long-term, repetitive exposures to either DNA reactive or nonreactive substances can result in the initiation/promotion and progression of tumors. 

What is a Tumor Promoter? 
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.99107a390 

This now clarifies why, among many reasons, I believe that repeated exposures to the Spike Protein, by either infection or transfection, may eventually induce cancer in a vast majority of the population. One may view the Spike Protein, in essence, as a “Transmissible Cancer.” 

I will continue working to unravel the pathogenesis of the Spike Protein and therapeutics to combat its effects. 

Thank you, as always, for your continued support.